tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31283171858598912392024-03-13T02:59:36.168-07:00IBETOS LIBRARYSURE POINT FOR YOUR PROJECT MATERIALS, SEMINARS, ARTICLES, LEADERSHIP IDEAS, MOTIVATIONAL, INSPIRATIONAL ETCAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.comBlogger161125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-45386199994581919852013-08-06T12:30:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.800-07:00Job Stress and Gender<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span> <a href="http://www.ibetoslibrary.com/"><img height="205" id="irc_mi" src="http://gethealthinformations.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Causes-of-Stress-Influenced-by-Gender.jpg" style="margin-top: 95px;" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">This is job stress as it is perceived by the male and female teachers. Every individual has the dream of actualization and in when things do not go as planned for an individual, the individual is stressed up. War (1987) averred that the aspiration of meeting up with human needs and lack of self-esteem are symptoms of stress, this is because everybody requires some element of respect and honour in his/her working place.</span></div><a name='more'></a> According to Cooper (1985) in his study, he found out that non-manual workers in senior positions in companies are found to be less stressed than other set of workers of intermediate status like messengers, cleaners etc. as a still higher value of stress is experienced by unskilled workers whose jobs are mainly respectively and demand a lot of physical effort.<br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Schools in Nigeria have been characterized by disrespect for moral values as teachers are treated with ridicule and contempt. Teachers don’t have regard from pupils and the government (Eme, 1996). Stress is delicate in nature and when perceived negatively or becomes of excess, it tends to affect the health and academic performance of the teacher or the individual involved. Campbell and Stevenson (1992) averred that school teachers often attempt to control and reduce their stress through avoidance, religious and social support or positive reappraisal. Teachers in schools are engulfed with so much stress and this can be reduced or controlled through effective time management and study techniques.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Macan (1990) found that teachers perceived themselves in control of their time reported greater work and life satisfaction and fewer job induced somatic tension, leaving home for school is a development mile stone that can exist psychological difficulties or trigger the emergence of new ones.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Moreover, leaving home, family and peer support and arriving at an unfamiliar place where high academic standards often creates pressure which can deepen depression of teacher and perception of job stress is limited, said that teachers also being stress into the classroom in the form of inherent personality traits.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Researchers like Baumrind (1996), Okafor (2002) and Durojaiye (1984) argued that female teachers actually experienced more symptoms of depression and anxiety than the male teachers. </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Life can be stressful especially for teachers that are employed newly and where decision which will determine what they will do with their lives. It is a time where they set the path they have to take to reach their goals. They are faced with many challenges and questions such as selecting a school which may be in their home town or away from home, female and male teachers both experienced a great deal of job stress at this point of their life. However, researches show that female teachers experienced higher level of stress.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://www.ibetoslibrary.com/2013/07/how-to-get-our-material.html">GET THIS MATERIAL NOW .......</a> </span></div><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-66094058739192724912013-08-06T12:00:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.810-07:00Effects of Stress<span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="http://www.ibetoslibrary.com/"><img height="320" id="irc_mi" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSsz6qUciugEJUdSEhnSNYN97dgbwHS-Z4Go-8hh507h4SVp2BO" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="255" /></a> </span><br /><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The way and manner in which individuals react to job stress differ from one individual to another, as it is consequent on the effect it has on the individual which in turn reflects majorly on the activities of the individual. At this point it is important to note the effects of job stress and in this case it is directed towards teachers in schools.</span><br /><a name='more'></a><br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research has shown that the effects of stress could be psychological or physiological. According to a stress manual, some of the common effects of stress include:</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Eating Problems and Weight: Often stress is related to weight gain and obesity, many people develop craving for salty, fat and sugar to counter tension and thus gain weight, on the other hand some people suffer a loss of appetite and loss of weight. In rare cases job stress may trigger hyperactivity of the thyroid gland, stimulating appetite, but causing the body to burn up calories faster than normal rate.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Eating Disorder: Anorexia nervousa and bulimia nervousa are eating disorders that are highly associated with maladjustment problems in response to stress and emotional issues.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Diabetic: Chronic stress has been associated with the development of insulin resistance, a condition in which the body is unable to use stress effectively to regulate glucose (blood sugar), insulin resistance is a primary factor in diabetics, and such can also exacerbate existing diabetes by impairing the patient’s ability to manage the disease effectively.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sleeping Disturbance: The tension of unresolved stress frequently causes insomnia, generally awakening in the middle of the night and early morning.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a 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mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style><![endif]--><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-86046498597377297372013-08-06T10:00:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.826-07:00THE CONCEPT OF JOB STRESS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><img height="226" id="irc_mi" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTxYkWETs4tLtjVahTlQBxmtYgB11yw4iysDIFDVhD-m4f3JorF" style="margin-top: 52px;" width="320" /></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Several definitions have been made on the concept of job stress. But all the researchers tend to agree at this point that stress is a stimulus that spore its stressee and determine his or her level of peace or worries within.</span></div><a name='more'></a><br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thy also agree that stressors comes from either within or outside the stressee. On the other hand, it is a deliberating psychological condition brought about by unrelieved work stress, which result in depleted energy reserves lowered dissatisfaction and permission and increased absenteeism and inefficiency at work, stress affects all workers of any field whether skilled or unskilled.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The effect of stress was also discussed which could be medical, physical or psychological and finally stress as it pertains to male and female teachers in schools was also looked at.</span></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> 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CALL 07034538881</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-76042456878588878782013-08-06T03:09:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.815-07:00Causes of Job Stress<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img height="204" id="irc_mi" src="http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/99-101/images/stress11.gif" style="margin-top: 70px;" width="320" /> </span></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Job stress is caused by so many factors or forces and they are called stressors. These stressors tend to threaten the existence and well-being of the individual and the way he/she responds to the threat (Lazarus, 1966). The major sources or causes of job stress is categorized into the physical, psychological and environmental, it could include personal injuries, illness, lack of sleep, other deformities such as blindness, amputation and exhaustion and these tend to put the individual in an incapable state where he/she can do nothing.</span><br /><a name='more'></a><br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Psychological stress occur from reasons that comparatively trivial or even in the situations that are pleasurable, while environmental stress involves noise from cars, buses, lories and industrial machineries. Cooper and Marshall (1978) identified six causes of job stress. These are factors intrinsic to job, role stress (conflicts) relationship at work, career stress (i.e. job insecurity), under-promotion, organizational structure and climate and interface between work and home. In the same vein Adeoye (1992) explained that the three key factors causing stress are factors intrinsic to the job itself, individual characteristics and loss of control.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Frustration is also another factor of job stress which is directed towards us by parents, siblings, friends, co-staffs, machine which breakdown just when we need to use it, the interruption when carrying our work which forces us to do something, the score which we are trying to have that is not coming all of these are small frustration. If these numerous frustrations become too numerous and we allow them to affect us well, we will soon be faced with an intolerable level of stress as dangerous as if it has come from one giant stress factor.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://www.ibetoslibrary.com/2013/07/how-to-get-our-material.html">ORDER FOR THIS MATERIAL NOW.......... </a></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-20272971738289394032013-08-06T02:58:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.781-07:00STAGES OF STRESS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> 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height="212" id="irc_mi" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRYd7i7mNJFOcXJFQlIF63QkWtK0ZB9W8zxQPaKqcqnGs_YQige_g" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Alarm Stage: This is a warning stage, this stage clearly signals the presence of stress agents in the body, and in turn there are physical reactions which tend to be the first to appear. These reactions warns the individual that he has to be on guard as there are stress agents present in the body, and once the individual is aware of these, he or she can take measures to face the problem and solve them. When this is done the effects or aftermath of stress is reduced or not materialized at all. Stress may be from one or multiple sources combined together.</span></div><a name='more'></a><br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Resistance Stage: When stress is not curtailed during the alarming stage, it goes further to enter into the resistance stage. In this stage the individual will start to notice some signs that will slow his/her action down. The individual might suddenly realize that he is losing lot of energy and conduction level of the body becomes lower than usual. At this stage something needs to be done in order for him/her to survive, and he/she does not know that he/she is in a vicious circle, then tries to complete the task ahead but finds out that it is practically impossible and this calls for major concern to him/her as failure is not an option given the task in hand.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Exhaustion Stage: This stage is the final stage and is characterized by fatigue, accompanied by nervousness, irritability, tension and anger. The individual becomes anxious and not only when he/she is faced by stress factors but also in moments which would not normally produce any anxiety. This further leads to depression and this means lacking pressure in an activity or activities, the individual suffers from dizziness and the thoughts of the individual are pessimistic and negative.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://www.ibetoslibrary.com/2013/07/how-to-get-our-material.html">GET THIS MATERIAL NOW IN ITS EBOOK FORMAT</a> </span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-67046877255900673932013-08-06T02:51:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.813-07:00Concept of Job Stress<!--[if gte 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5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://www.ibetoslibrary.com/"><img height="224" id="irc_mi" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ3zZECn4NrF3Y2Y9Ilqvk0Oti4eDrU00WpUfVVQLnSk_a71-6rDQ" style="margin-top: 50px;" width="320" /></a> </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Job stress has been of major concern to all and sundry in the educational sector and in the education sector, and as such various authors have in different ways explained the concept of stress according to their own understanding. According to Ecker (1987) job stress is a physical response that the human body involves in other to fuel with a perceived threat to its stability. Everly and Girdqano (1979) are of the view that stress is a fairly predictable arousal of psychological system which if prolonged, can cause fatigue or damage of system to the point of malfunction and disease. </span></div><a name='more'></a>It is both the cause and the result of physiological and psychological process in the interaction with others. In the same way, Denga (1986) mentioned that individuals are susceptible to different pattern of job stress. A situation may be stressful or not depending on individual attitude towards it.<br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">According to Nweze (1995) stress is a feeling and direct consequences of personal life attributes and disposition as they affect the individual reactions to personal life experiences including threats, pleasant and negative ones. Adebanwi (1995) averred that job stress is a condition or situation where an individual finds him or herself under frustration, fear, anger, resulting in tension, anxiety, depression, loss of appetite and in extreme cases loss of sleep at night. In the light of the above, Panker (1977) regarded stress as a reaction which we experience when we cannot cope with a situation. Job stress according to Baron (1986) is an external condition which produces feelings of discomfort, tension, since they are seen as threatening, frustrating or they exceed the individual’s capacity to deal with them.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Job stress therefore is a state of the mind, if the mind is peaceful there will be no stress but if the mind is troubled then there is too much stress and this can lead to exhaustion and breakdown physically, mentally and emotionally. From the various views of job, stress can be looked at from the medical, psychological and equilibrium destabilization of the individual’s body by external factors and the interaction between a combination of these and other factors. Although the term stress is popularly used by almost everybody in the sphere of human endeavor; its meaning is not generally agreed upon.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <a href="http://www.ibetoslibrary.com/2013/07/how-to-get-our-material.html">GET THIS MATERIAL NOW</a></span></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-4290798076276192762013-08-02T23:39:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.796-07:00OCCUPATIONAL STRESS FACTORS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL 2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> 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Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.mobilgateway.blogspot.com/">communication stress</a><a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSrTYXhOkcxgakWwlbVqQrPqhJYBD8Llo8yezuGndI_Q-TbFeYGMw" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSrTYXhOkcxgakWwlbVqQrPqhJYBD8Llo8yezuGndI_Q-TbFeYGMw" /></a></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Job stress according to Beehr and Newman (1978) is a condition arising from the interaction of people and their jobs, characterized by changes within the people that force them to deviate from their normal functioning. For our purpose, we take job or occupational stress to refer to the reaction to the demands on the work environment such that the individual is </span></div><a name='more'></a>unable to contend with them. Be that as it may, it needs to be stressed, however that stress is an inevitable phenomenon experienced by everybody in all works of life. Work related stress is of growing concern because it has significant economic implications for organizations through employee-dissatisfaction, lowered productivity, and lowered emotional and physical health of the employee (Matteson and Ivancevich, 1987).<br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A search of the literature reveals that researches carried out on principal stress were conducted mostly in the developed countries like the USA (Whitaker, 1996); the U.K (Cooper, 1988) and Australia (Beeson and Matthews, 1992). The applicability of their recommendations may not be tenable in a developing country like Nigeria. In Nigeria, the bulk of research conducted so far had focused exclusively on stress among university administrators (Ugoji, 1995; Bamisaiye, 1996). Little studies had been carried out on stress among principals of secondary schools in Nigeria.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This background emphasizes the need to explore principal stress in the Nigerian context more so when considered against the crucial position of the school principal in secondary school management. This study was, therefore undertaken to explore the occupational stress factors among secondary school principals in Warri South Local Government Area of Delta State. </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><a href="http://www.ibetoslibrary.com/p/contact-us.html"><span style="color: purple;">ORDER FOR THIS MATERIAL NOW, CALL +2347034538881</span></a></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> OR <a href="mailto:obejieric@gmail.com">EMAIL US</a></span></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-17734086551773708382013-08-02T07:46:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.771-07:00OCCUPATIONAL STRESS FACTORS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> 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Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTaZCUtYFvbJGmU7YXW3H1atOtbjwoZJ_sXVBGXvUoyhrO6TTjW" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTaZCUtYFvbJGmU7YXW3H1atOtbjwoZJ_sXVBGXvUoyhrO6TTjW" /></a></div><h1>Chapter One</h1><h2>Introduction</h2><h3>Background of the Study</h3><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The introduction of the Universal Primary Education (U.P.E) Scheme launched in 1976 ushered in an unprecedented crisis of enrolment in the country’s educational system. In addition to the introduction of U.P.E and its attendant management problems, Nigeria took a wide stride to revolutionize her educational system with the introduction of the 6-3-3-4 system. This brought a lot of changes especially in the secondary section.</span></div><a name='more'></a><br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The task to implement such a comprehensive curriculum tailored to the relevant needs of the students and the aspirations of the nation rests squarely on the chief executive of the secondary who in the Nigeria context is known as the principal. Hence, Ozigi (1977), Ezeocha (1985), Ukeje, Akabogu and Ndu (1992) all see him as the central figure in the school and the pivot of which all the educational activities in the school revolve. The present system of secondary education in Nigeria poses a lot of new and additional challenges to the secondary school principal. His management duties include staff control, effective execution of professional duties, students control, and the effective utilization of available human, material and financial resources. All these impose very high administrative demands on him. It is in recognition of these multifarious tasks reposed on the secondary school principal that Knezevich (1969) regards him as an educational leader, a counselor of students, the school disciplinarian, the organizer of the schedule, and supervisor of the instructional programme, the school public relations officer, the liason between the teacher and student, the director and evaluator of teaching efforts, the management of school facilities and generally a professional leader.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In Nigeria’s circumstance, in addition to the long list of duties of expectations from the school head, he has yet another set of problems to grapple with as he performs his duties. Those from internal sources are coping with the truancy of students, gangs and peer group opposition (Bassey, 1997); school riots and protests, secret cult membership (ANCOPSS, 1988), the issure of examination malpractice (Belloh, 1996), and opposition and petitions by aggressive staffs (Obemeata, 1984). Sources external to the school are late payment of salaries, non-release of imprests, petitions by some Parents Teachers Association (P.T.A) (Bassey, 1997); and the concern for public accountability and probity in the face of dwindling resources (Udoh, 1986). Indeed the secondary school principal of today faces new and distinct challenges. This state of affairs can provoke stress for the principal.</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-42115754785442550422013-08-02T07:35:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.794-07:00OCCUPATIONAL STRESS FACTORS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> 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src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS_zenmrw9UTAzLEanIxEci5YlYO__95bqsXQ22ElVvxar-t9bVHg" /></div><h1>Abstract</h1><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The study was designed to ascertain the occupational stress factors among secondary school principals in Warri South Local Government Area of Delta State. To direct the study, one research question and two hypotheses were stated and formulated. The study adopted the descriptive </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">survey research design</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> and the population of the study comprised </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">all secondary school principals in government owned secondary schools in Warri South Local Government Area of Delta State</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. Sampling was not required as all the principals were used in the study. Data for the study were collected using researcher developed questionnaire. In analyzing the data collected, the researcher used t-test to test the hypotheses.</span></div><a name='more'></a> The data analyzed revealed <span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">that there is a significant difference in the performance of public and private secondary school students in mathematics and there is no significant difference in the achievement of male and female students in mathematics</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. Based on these findings, some recommendations were made at the end of the study.</span><br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">TO ORDER FOR THIS MATERIAL, CALL <span style="color: red;">+2347034538881</span> OR <a href="mailto:obejieric@gmail.com"><span style="color: purple;">SEND US AN EMAIL </span></a></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-19651160700651388322013-07-31T08:20:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.779-07:00Challenges of Information and Communication Technology <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> 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style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Some of the challenges of information and communication technology according to Kanno and Onyechu (2009) are:</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lack of Expertise Knowledge on the Use of ICT: Majority of the teachers in Nigerian schools are computer illiterates. This is a very big problem militating against the use of ICT in commerce teaching.</span></div><a name='more'></a><br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lack of Computers in Nigerian Schools: In most schools there are no computers for learners use, in some where they are available, and they are inadequate. A situation where there is only one computer donated by a philanthropist in a school makes one to wonder how the entire students can learn with only one computer. In a situation where there is none, it means that none will be used in the school for all round development of the child. Lamenting on the damages done by lack of access to computer, Tuoyo (2007) stressed that inability to access computers mean creating more social illiteracy and economic denial of the right of children especially the exceptional children to fully participate in the school system and in the society at large.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lack of Awareness of Instructional Values of ICT Facilities: Teachers are not aware of the instructional value of ICT facilities. This prevents them for using them.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teachers Unwillingness to Integrate ICT in their Teaching: Most teachers are unwilling to integrate ICT in teaching. Even if they are computer literates, many prefer to use that knowledge of computer in making business instead of using them in teaching.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Problem of Electricity: Lack of electricity is another constraint militating against the use of ICT in teaching. Since ICT facilities require electricity for them to be functional, where there is no electricity computers will be kept unused.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Inadequate Fund: Fund refers to money needed for executing a project. Computers and other ICT facilities are very expensive, when enough money is not available in the school, ICT facilities will be seen as less important project.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lack of Personnel for Maintaining ICT Facilities: This is another problem affecting the use of ICT in teaching. In Nigeria, few people are available for maintaining ICT facilities. As a consequence, when any of the accessories break down, the system will be packed waiting for repair, which may take a very long time. On this ground, Mkpa (2007) laments that the required personnel or manpower to maintain the system are very much in short supply.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><a href="http://www.ibetoslibrary.com/p/contact-us.html"><span style="color: purple;">ORDER FOR THIS MATERIAL NOW, CALL +2347034538881</span></a></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-90388836011085240192013-07-30T07:53:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.836-07:00Concept of Information and 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QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6zJUKwVEG0gpTV9jXDyFDrtHTu0hof9zCq6SUSFTVNVnJBDr_dbxr4sQ" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6zJUKwVEG0gpTV9jXDyFDrtHTu0hof9zCq6SUSFTVNVnJBDr_dbxr4sQ" /></a></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Information and Communication Technology is a term used to describe technologies which receive, record, process, transmits and retrieves information (Ebisine, 2011). According to him, ICT is the combination of networks, hardware and software; as well as the means of communication, collaboration and engagement that enable the processing, management and exchange of data,</span></div><a name='more'></a> information and knowledge. ICT also stand for the various ways the computer works together with other telecommunication equipment which are needed in data processing and information transmission to solve different aspects of human endeavor (Eze, 2007). This is probably why it is referred to handling and processing of information using electronic devices (Adeoja, 2002) and as the range of products and systems, which handles, process and produce information using computers and/or telecommunication technologies. In one sense, Eguridu (2008) presented ICT as a technology that merges computer with high speed communication links carrying data sounds and videos. ICT he emphasized is an umbrella term that refers to all technology for communication of information. According to him, it includes any medium to record information that is paper, magnetic disk flash.<br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ICT is a process of networking – connecting any part of the world by mere touching a combination of keyboard buttons on electronic device like radio, television, telephone, computer and so on with this innovation in our ever changing society, it is crystal clear that more pressure will be on the young people mostly students. Thus, the need to fully inculcate ICT into the Nigerian education system in order to gradually bring them to the reality of the universal phenomenon comes to play (Orukokan, Olaleye, Odumosu and Akinneye, 2009).</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adedoja (2002) contended that ICT is concerned with handling and processing of information using electronic devices. Agboola (2001) presented ICT as the range of products and systems, which handle process and produce information using computers, and/or telecommunication technologies. In effect, ICT is a process of networking – connecting any part of the world by mere touching a combination of keyboard buttons on electronic devices like radio, television, telephone, and computer and so on. This is in line with Ayannuga (2006) that ICTs are information handling tools. They include the old ICTs of radio, television and telephone and the new ICTs of computer, satellite and wireless technology and the internet. According to him, information and communication technology is a general term sometimes used to refer to a variety of tools, all of which make it possible to improve dialogue between individuals and groups.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ICT according to Bamikole (2000) is the creation, collection, storage, processing, transmission, displaying and use of information by people and machine. It encompasses so many a concept among which is the internet. Abimbade (2006) observed that development in computer technology and telecommunication networks had given rise to the internet and intranet, thus information and communication are interwoven and one is dependent of the other. ICT is the fusion of Information Technology (IT) and Communication Technology (CT).</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><a href="http://www.ibetoslibrary.com/p/contact-us.html"><span style="color: purple;">ORDER FOR THIS MATERIAL NOW, CALL +2347034538881</span></a></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-44552338641369334092013-07-30T04:00:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.798-07:00Strategies to Overcome the Challenges of Information and Communication Technology<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> 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font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To meet the challenges the following needs to be ensured:</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Creating public awareness for ICT and encouraging students’ interest.</span></div><a name='more'></a><br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Integrating ICT in all subject areas in the educational system.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Government should ensure and monitor the implementation of ICT application at all levels of our educational system as contained in the National Policy on Education (2004).</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Provision of ICT materials in all Nigerian schools.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Continuous ICT in-service training for all teachers.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Motivation and incentive giving for all ICT trainees.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Enabling technology for the physically challenged in our society.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Government should invest on ICT facilities in such areas as procurement of equipment, infrastructure and ICT centres.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Monitoring of ICT programmes and project implementation.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Integrating ICT into all teacher education programmes.</span></div><h3><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc339877437"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc339877279"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc339877437;">Summary of Literature Review</span></a></h3><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The review of literature provided the meaning of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a whole range of facilities or technologies involved in information processing and electronic communication. Also the reviewed literature recognized the relevance of ICT in which there was a general agreement that ICT helps learners in the acquisition of four basic language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. The reviewed literature identified the ICT resources for effective teaching such as Computer Aided Instruction (CAI), multimedia, distance learning, e-learning and web-based instruction.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Finally, the literature also provided some challenges to ICT in effective teaching and learning. Finally, the literature review highlighted the strategies to overcome the identified challenges to ICT.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><a href="http://www.ibetoslibrary.com/p/contact-us.html"><span style="color: purple;">ORDER FOR THIS MATERIAL NOW, CALL +2347034538881</span></a></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-62408691576805789312013-07-30T02:00:00.001-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.807-07:00Importance of Information and Communication Technology <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> 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text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ICT is an essential component of school, intellectual diffusion and research programmes assessment. Nkanu and Usang (2007) remarked that these trends make it possible for teachers to break away from professional isolation with information and communication technology, they can easily connect with other teachers outside their immediate environment with sources of teaching materials. Before now, the observed,</span></div><a name='more'></a>learners were dependent on teachers and librarians for information but now, availability of ICT facilities in schools is helping them to redefine the role of teachers and librarians thus enabling them to focus on analyzing information and sharpening their critical thinking skills. It is in the same stead that the Federal Government of Nigeria emphasized in section II (102) (A) of the National Policy on Education that:<br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 37.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A Network of Educational Services Centre in Nigeria (NESCN) shall be setup to provide a forum for exchanging of ideas on the development and use of innovative materials for improvement of education. All states, teacher resource centres, university institutions of education and other professional bodies shall belong to the network of Information and Communication Technology (ICT).</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Obviously, ICT would bring about collaborative, provide participation, cooperation and interactive learning environment, as well as enrich the curriculum content. Studies conducted worldwide indicated that students working in a collaborative environment using technology-infused instruction have had better academic achievement (Cheorg, 2008; Lee Predhan & Dalgarno, 2008; Barwach, 2006 and House 2006 cited in Masole, 2008). ICT as a technological-based instruction methodology facilitates the achievement of content and objectives of the curriculum since it enables students to access accurate information easily unlike the traditional methods require strenuous co-ordination. Nkanu and Usang (2007) observed that the educational system has undergone major structural changes. That is from pedagogical methodology to the current phase of more sophisticated, but user friendly technology-based instructional methodology. The complexity resulting from the enormous instruction co-ordination mechanism is reduced or eliminated with the new system (ICT and E-Learning).</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ICT is also important in that it has enabled learners to see things and master them faster than as it was in the olden years. Appreciating this, Udensi (2006:124) stated:</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 37.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In fact, our ways of life have been greatly touched and influenced, ICT equipment have brought about speedy, timely and efficient information processing which is very significant to people. Again, ICT equipment have made it possible for modern man to see more information in a day the people hundred years ago used to see in whole year.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ICT also help learners in the acquisition of four basic language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Acquisition of these four basic language skills is very important because when learners acquire them they can easily master the concepts in the curriculum of all levels of education faster. To that end, Okereka (2007) emphatically stressed that, ICT increases reading skills. Computer had made the teaching and learning of writing (essay) can now be better enhanced by using computer programmes that corrects errors and provide feedback. Through ICT learners can make use of the most up-to-date texts from the conventional library. This will help the learners to get access to relevant texts which will help the learners to get access to relevant text which will help them in their lesson.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Furthermore, ICT helps in erection of individualized and collaborative instruction. With the use of computer, learners can learn individually and collectively with or without the teacher in the classroom. Hence, Tuoyo (2007) stated that computers are tools for teachers and students. They can be useful for erection of individualized and collaborative instruction and can manage and generate instructional research and administrative data. Thus makes full implementation of curriculum in all levels of education easier and more practicable; hence there is greater hope of realizing the national educational goals as enumerated by Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN, 2004).</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ICT assists in evaluation of students’ performance. Evaluation is a very important aspect of curriculum implementation. With the use of ICT, evaluation of students’ performance is easy for both teachers and administrators, since it provides immediate feedback to the students. With provision of immediate feedback, students and teachers can find out the area of strength and weaknesses for modification. Commenting on the usefulnesss of provision of feedback to the learners, Mkpa (2007) stated that it is an established fact that most effective learning occurs by engaging and giving him immediate feedback on his performance as he learns.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><a href="http://www.ibetoslibrary.com/p/contact-us.html"><span style="color: purple;">ORDER FOR THIS MATERIAL NOW, CALL +2347034538881</span></a></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-20988033955143708632013-07-30T02:00:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.783-07:00ICT Resources for Effective Teaching and Learning<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> 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Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTTx9nuvo9MkNSzIqotX9XYmx4G1CR1hoxLSfTO2dfyO-bIwP80-ptiBYI-" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTTx9nuvo9MkNSzIqotX9XYmx4G1CR1hoxLSfTO2dfyO-bIwP80-ptiBYI-" /></a></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To achieve the above initiatives and need of ICT in teaching and learning, the following are the ICT resources available to teachers and students to effect the integration of ICT into the teaching and learning process (Adegbamigbe, Kayode-Ishola and Lesi, 2009:86):</span></div><a name='more'></a><br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Computer Aided Instruction (CAI): Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) is an individualized method of instruction in which a computer is employed and a student is required to interact with the computer in a teaching and learning environment. According to Eshiet (1991), one basic fact about CAI is that it recognizes individual differences and as a result treats them differently.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Multimedia: The ability of computer to combine sound, images, graphics, video and text in a single presentation is regarded as multimedia. Multimedia has given educators a tool in creating educational materials, which may include cartoons and animation sequences cheaply and easily. Okundaye (1998) opined that multimedia is creating room for ingenuity and genuity of ability.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Distance Learning: Distance learning is not a new concept. This is experiencing learning outside the structured classroom setting through television, correspondence courses, radio, and so on. It is any form of teaching and learning in which the teacher and students are not in the same place at the same time. Components of distance learning in today’s ICT such as e-mails and interactive software have also been useful in additions to the educational settings.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">E-Learning: E-Learning most often means an approach to facilitate and enhance learning through the use of device based on computer and communication technology, such devices would include personal computers, CD-Roms, Digital television, cameras and mobile phones. Communication technology enables the use of the internet, e-mail, discussion forums and collaborative software.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Web-Based Instruction: The web-based instruction uses the internet and the worldwide web (www) as the main proponents to deliver the materials and resources for one course. Course information is gathered from the internet through browsing and the materials gathered are used for the course.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><a href="http://www.ibetoslibrary.com/p/contact-us.html"><span style="color: purple;">ORDER FOR THIS MATERIAL NOW, CALL +2347034538881</span></a></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-88000531012843427202013-07-29T21:00:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.834-07:00Challenges of Implementing 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SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Entrepreneurship education leads to acquisition of practical and applied skills and basic scientific knowledge but there are some challenges in implementing entrepreneurship in Nigeria.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Insufficient funding</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Insufficient periods for practical</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Inadequate laboratory facilities</span></div><a name='more'></a><br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lack of manpower</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Unfavourable public attitudes</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Poor attitude towards practical work</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Insufficient Funding: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adequate amount of funding is not provided for the effective teaching of entrepreneurship education. Olaitan (2001) noted that inadequate funding is a major challenge which can limit the level of participation of students and education of students and educators in practical work.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Insufficient Periods for Practical:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> For students to acquire skill acquisition programme, adequate amount of time should be allocated for practical. Olaitan (2001) argues that students will definitely not have adequate opportunity to cover ground in the departmental practical courses but good amount of time should be allocated.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Inadequate Laboratory Facilities:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Okoro (1983) stresses that students have to work in well-equipped laboratories for learning to take place in any skill-oriented subject and for maximum output in practical work.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lack of Manpower:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Entrepreneurship education is faced with challenges of inadequate manpower to effectively implement the programme this is because some of the educators and instructors are ‘half-baked’ and cannot give what they do not have.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Unfavourable Public Attitudes:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The attitudes of the public towards entrepreneurship education has deprived the course from receiving proper attention that can be led to successful implementation of entrepreneurship.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Poor Attitude towards Practical Work:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Lack of proper knowledge of the occupational benefits of entrepreneurship education at N.C.E. level and the general believe of the expensive nature of the course can result in lack of interest and low level participation of students in practical work.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Prospects of Entrepreneurship Education in Nigeria</span></b></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are challenges of identifying the various groups of entrepreneurs that require entrepreneurial knowledge, attitudes and skills and there after provide them with appropriate entrepreneurship education through the various vocational educational programmes. Barker (1980) identified various groups of people who need entrepreneurship education. These include future entrepreneurs, potential entrepreneurs, existing entrepreneurs, and growth oriented entrepreneurs. These are challenges of funding entrepreneurship education programmes in our school systems. Finance plays a major role in the entrepreneurship education programme. Successful but there is diversion of funds to other purpose. Much of the skills and experience acquired as a result of training in vocational education could be used to start entrepreneurship concerns needed in the country. Some entrepreneurial offshoots from the business education dimension of vocational technical education including a typing, duplicating and photostating facility centre, business consultancy, a graduate from the technical education section could be self-employed in areas like wood work, carpentry and furniture making. Therefore, the issue of capital, choice of concern and location of an enterprise unit should be a major concern in entrepreneurship. Hence, entrepreneurship education is a tool with possibilities of nation building.</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-82968949313670897882013-07-29T20:30:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.821-07:00Factors that Influence Entrepreneurial Success or Failure<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A variety of factors influence entrepreneurial success or failure. Mare (1996) identified both external and internal factors that play a role in business success. The external factors include the economic climate, the social and socio-economic environment, politico-legal aspects as well as the international climate. Internal factors are those aspects within the immediate environment of the enterprise,</span></div><a name='more'></a> which concern entrepreneurs and include experience, managerial skills, business philosophy and planning ability. Prospective entrepreneurs will constantly have to take note of both the external and internal factors to plan and maintain entrepreneurial success.<br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The entrepreneur generally has no control over external factors and can in most cases only take limited precautions to restrict negative influences. It is however very important to take cognizance of these factors to establish whether the climate is conducive for entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurs find the limited control they have over external factors frustrating because it is in direct opposition to their need to be in control. In terms of the economic climate, a free market system is generally considered as a prerequisite for a favourable climate but however does not guarantee either economic growth or successful entrepreneurship. Furthermore, an economic recession, high inflation rates and a strict long term monetary policy can be detrimental to the advancement of entrepreneurship. In addition the influence of high standards, legal restrictions and bureaucracy can also hamper economic development and suppress entrepreneurial initiative.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The demographic environment, in which the entrepreneur resides, has a great influence on the nature of the enterprise that can be considered. The available consumable income of the community also plays an important role in determining the viability of an enterprise. Furthermore, cultural and ethnic differences should also be taken into account when planning entrepreneurial activity. It can thus be concluded that it is important to evaluate the socio-economic standards and needs of the community to establish the feasibility of a proposed business enterprise. Furthermore, prompt action and the ability to adapt to the changing needs and circumstances of the community are important in ensuring entrepreneurial success.</span></div><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is also important for entrepreneurs to be accustomed with legislation and they should be at least be conversant on the basic understanding of the laws that affect the business. This would ensure that entrepreneurs do not engage in illegal activities.</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-82721953567818489272013-07-29T19:30:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.818-07:00The Importance of Entrepreneurship<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> 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Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Entrepreneurship has a tremendously positive impact on the economy and on society. They describe the importance of entrepreneurship in terms of its impact on the economy on society and on larger firms. With regard to economic impact three reasons have been identified with entrepreneurial behaviour has a strong impact on an economy’s strength and stability. The reasons include innovation, </span></div><a name='more'></a>job creation and globalization. Innovation is the process of creating something new, which will either solve a problem or satisfy a need in a new cost-effective way. Many innovations help individuals and businesses work more smoothly and efficiently and this enhances performance and business returns. Enhanced performance and returns will in turn positively impact on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and economic growth.<br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The growth in smaller entrepreneurial firms enhances job creation as young people generally obtain their first job with a small firm. Furthermore, the development of small and medium sized businesses that create products that can be exported enhances globalization. In addition increased exports will affect the balance of payment of countries favourably. The innovations of entrepreneurial firms also have a dramatic impact on society as a whole. New products and services enhance the standard of living as well as the productivity in workplaces. In addition to the impact that entrepreneurial firms have on the economy and society they also have a positive impact on the effectiveness of larger firms. This is because many entrepreneurial firms have built their entire business around producing products and services that help larger firms be more efficient and effective.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mare (1996) summarized the importance of entrepreneurship in the following four advantages:</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Advancement of economic prosperity;</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Combating unemployment;</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Improved future perspectives; and </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The advancement of own initiatives.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The establishment of new ventures through entrepreneurship fuels economic prosperity and leads to job creation that will combat unemployment. In addition the prospect of establishing a new venture provides alternatives to job seeking individuals and could enhance creativity and innovations through the advancement of their own initiatives</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-18134216946498265182013-07-29T19:00:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.774-07:00Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> 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6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Entrepreneurs are the economic heroes of modern society. Collectively their drive, energy and perseverance have produced high growth ventures with disproportionate impact on the economy.</span></div><a name='more'></a> An analysis of the characteristics of successful entrepreneurs confirmed that these entrepreneurs have much in common but they also differ widely. Thus, there is no universal set of characteristics distinguishing entrepreneurs from other human beings. Furthermore, there is no single set of attitudes and behaviours that every entrepreneur must have for every venture opportunity. What is required in each situation depends on the mix of key players and how promising and forgiving the opportunity is given the founder’s strength and shortcomings.<br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Despite inherent differences there is consensus that successful entrepreneurs share a constellation of personality traits. Burch (1986) identified nine of the most salient personality traits of an entrepreneur. He describes an entrepreneur:</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Someone with a drive to achieve;</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Someone who is hardworking and has nurturing qualities. The person should be willing to accept responsibility.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Be optimistic; and</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Must be a good organizer. Furthermore the entrepreneur must be reward, money and excellence oriented.</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-83027267830249260562013-07-29T17:00:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.823-07:00NIGERIAN STUDENTS’ CHOICE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRQm8wpOl_KE80mK_5Ldey10DtGoKcAMZc-XYKqu_rrp32-_mszajZQOw" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRQm8wpOl_KE80mK_5Ldey10DtGoKcAMZc-XYKqu_rrp32-_mszajZQOw" /></a></div><h1>Abstract</h1><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The study was designed to investigate Nigerian students’ choice of entrepreneurship education: A Case Study of Uvwie Local Government Area of Delta State. Based on the five research questions and five hypotheses formulated, the researcher used </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">judgmental sampling</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> technique to select 30 respondents for the study.</span></div><a name='more'></a> <span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Oral questions were given to students in form of seminar in entrepreneurship education programme</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">. The findings from the study revealed that </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">entrepreneurship education is necessary in Nigeria because to a large extent it solves the economy problem of unemployment and also promote graduate with skills and knowledge that enhances economic growth, funding is also required to provide the right quality and quantity of personnel that are well remunerated, trained and retrained, and creative ideas. Based on these findings, some recommendations were made at the end of the study</span><br /><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><a href="http://www.ibetoslibrary.com/p/contact-us.html"><span style="color: purple;">ORDER FOR THIS MATERIAL NOW, CALL +2347034538881</span></a></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><br /><br /> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-195338636527929742013-07-29T09:22:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.776-07:00Developing and Supporting Entrepreneurial Careers in Schools<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> 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Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There is much efforts and enthusiasm to teach entrepreneurship course using wide range of method such as venture creation by students, developing formal business plan, creating out feasibility study etc. This shift from general education to specifically entrepreneurship education becomes necessary in the present realities of the need to develop and empower particularly the youth in the society. There is seeming consensus on the importance of entrepreneurship in ameliorating some socio-economic problems especially poverty,</span></div><a name='more'></a> unemployment, and all sort of social vices in the society thus, the focus of teaching and learning particularly in developing countries where these problems are predominant call for another approach. This clearly indicates the sheer of re-orientation towards inculcating values that allow acquisition of necessary competences to sense of self-reliance, independence, youth empowerment and of course poverty reduction.<br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In their opinion, Adejimola and Olufunmilayo (2009) lamented that “even in the developed countries education system emphasizes the trial of inquiry-discovery application in teaching”. It is very apparent that both challenges and opportunities abound to tap, exploit and possibly turn it into goods and services of commercial values. The task of universities and other institutions where entrepreneurship education need to be taught, Daudu (2007) in Akpomi (2009) make an investigation on the modalities of using entrepreneurship education as a strategy or instrument for channeling necessary energies of the Nigeria universities facilities and students away from paid employment to self-employment. Many economic and strategic theories have been used to provide a framework in which education can be seen as very important determinant of selection of entrepreneurship or venture formation for individuals in the course of their studies. There are several attempts to teach students entrepreneurship using venture creation in order for the student to acquire business skills and competencies. But not withstanding those with this kind of approach is perhaps small minority. People also believe that entrepreneurial behaviour can be learned through experience and discovery. Hence there is need for learning in which students can experience aspect of entrepreneurs’ way of life.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Serious importance has been attached to formal business plan in teaching entrepreneurship by the educators. But Gibbs in Vincent and Farlow (2008) feels that there is need to have a rethink in the value of developing business plans as a process of learning and career development in entrepreneurship. This position was also concurred by Johanisson (1991) in Vincent and Farlow (2008) to teach individuals to become not only more enterprising but businessmen as well is an undertaking that is both in time and scope beyond the capabilities of academic business schools. the issue here is that plan may be inevitable for entrepreneurs to succeed but emphasis placed by developing countries plan by the students need to be reduced. Students are expected to feel and act as entrepreneurs rather than only assuming or pretending to be. This effort will certainly strengthen their inspiration and would be indoctrinated towards the culture of entrepreneurship.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The government is expected to play a greater role in providing the necessary atmosphere and policy framework for the success of this transformation process. Students while in school will acquire the necessary skills and training, identify an opportunity to exploit and eventual creation of their venture. Students must have a serious business idea, they are of the opinion that good ideas cannot be invented to others. Normally students were asked to produce a business plan and their assessment is basically based on that. Therefore they are urging students to provide a realistic guided experience of the entrepreneurial life, which can be done if the students are truly committed to their own real ideas and can actually be entrepreneurs rather than pretenders.</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-38504485400537696812013-07-29T09:16:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.788-07:00Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-29731516155604357712013-07-29T09:15:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.786-07:00Exposition of the Entrepreneur<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> 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Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style><![endif]--> <br /><h3>Exposition of the Entrepreneur</h3><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style><![endif]--> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></span><br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The importance of entrepreneurship demands on true understanding of the concept entrepreneur. Mare (1996) defines an entrepreneur as a person who initiates new circumstances through innovative action and is able to capitalize on opportunities in their striving to generate wealth. Entrepreneurs can be described as people who have the talent for seeing opportunities into profit making businesses. Entrepreneurs are individuals who recognize opportunities where others see chaos and confusion.</span></div><a name='more'></a><br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Drucker (1985) states that entrepreneurs see change as the norm and as healthy. The entrepreneur always searches for changes, responds to it and exploits it as an opportunity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Drucker (1985) the act of starting or owning a small business does not in itself make one an entrepreneur so as much as the ability to innovate and exploit opportunity.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A common trend in the definition of the entrepreneur is that the entrepreneur is regarded as an individual with the potential of creating a vision from virtually nothing. This is fundamentally a creative action where energy is invested in the initiation process by initiating the start-up of an enterprise rather than to merely analyze and be an onlooker in the process of forming a new enterprise. Furthermore, this vision and action involves taking calculated risks that includes personal, social, psychological as well as financial components. The entrepreneur does everything possible to achieve the set goals and to avoid the possibility of failure.</span></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></b>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-86807935357938993522013-07-29T09:14:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:30:57.829-07:00Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-88074868616089211702013-07-29T09:11:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:31:11.284-07:00The Entrepreneurship Model<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> 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QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Burch (1986) maintains that at its essence, entrepreneurship is the process of giving birth to a new business. This model illustrates that a variety of components work together to conceive and give birth to a new business. The foundation provides the environment and general support that help foster entrepreneurship.</span></div><a name='more'></a>One of the key elements of the foundation is education and training. They should maintain that the programmes should be available to all people all the time to provide the knowledge and expertise to achieve personal goals and to learn entrepreneurial skills. The raw energy and talent for venturing comes from aspiring entrepreneurs who are dedicated, hardworking and knowledgeable people.<br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Burch also supported the idea that entrepreneurship is an intellectual endeavour that the collaborative affiliation component made up of research centres, universities, governments, corporations and private groups cooperating with entrepreneurial guidance, expertise and research support. The venture incubator provides an ideal place to hatch new business. Entrepreneurs with foundation stimulation and support of helpful groups bring to the incubator unit their abilities and product – service ideas. A wide variety of skills and supports such as capital professional expertise and labour is required to bring this product – service ideas to full commercialization. A new business is hatched by bringing all these components together. Finally, all components of the entrepreneurship model are looking for definite returns that include economic growth, enhanced standard of living, profits, enhanced image and technological development. He also highlighted job creation as a clear return of the entrepreneurial process, since new business will create new jobs that will benefit society as a whole.</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3128317185859891239.post-26090845232623142352013-07-29T09:10:00.000-07:002013-09-21T01:31:11.245-07:00The Timmons Model of Entrepreneurship<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> 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Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The Timmons model illustares the interdependence between the three main elements namely opportunity, team and resources. It is important to realize that the process starts with opportunity not money, strategy, networks, teams or the business plan.</span></div><a name='more'></a> An opportunity consists of four integrated elements all of which are to be present within the same timeframe (window of opportunity) and most often within the same domain or geographical location before it can be claimed as a business opportunity. These four elements are a need, the means to fulfill the need, the method to apply the means to fulfill the need and a method to benefit.<br /> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The more unique the combination of the elements, the more unique the business opportunity. The more control an institution has over the elements, the better they are positioned to exploit the opportunity and to become a niche market leader. Timmons and Spinnelli summarize by saying a superior opportunity has the qualities of being attractive, durable and timely and is anchored in a product or service which creates or adds value to its buyer or end-user usually by solving a very serious problem.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is a common misconception that entrepreneurs first need to have all their resources in place for the venture to succeed, but this is false. Instead money follows high potential opportunities conceived of and led by a strong management team. It enhances creativity and increases the potential of competitive advantage. Furthermore, dynamic opportunities require diverse talents. Where skills are absent or insufficient, opportunities may be forgone, under-exploited and delayed. The entrepreneurial team must have relevant experience and the motivation to excel. They must show commitment, determination and persistence. They must also tolerate risk, ambiguity and uncertainty. Finally, they must be creative and adaptable and they must show leadership and courage.</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00032542088145005564noreply@blogger.com0